Product Code Database
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Abu|Mount Abu]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.7156274, 24.5925909] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ahada or Ayad ([[Udaipur]])" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.7158921, 24.5878896] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Girnar]] (including Neminatha Temple)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.5502916, 21.5178869] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kadi" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.3310025, 23.2978500] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Kiradu]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [71.097715, 25.7528219] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Nana" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [71.9034947, 23.7893157] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Patan" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.1266255, 23.8493246] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Somnath]] (Somanatha or Devapattana)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.3843721, 20.9060022] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Timana" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [71.9949616, 21.4282827] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Veraval]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.3629, 20.9159] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Virapura" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.6212417, 22.5097341] }
}
]
}
A later recension of Prithviraja Raso contains an inaccurate legend, according to which Bhima killed Prithviraja's father Someshvara, and Prithviraja later killed Bhima. This cannot be correct, because Bhima lived for nearly half a century after Prithviraja's death.
The Chahamanas and the Chalukyas appear to have concluded a peace treaty sometime before 1187 CE. According to the Kharatara Gaccha Pattavali, that year, Bhima's general Jagaddeva warned a chief named Abhayadeva not to harass pilgrims from Sapadalaksha (the Chahamana territory). He told the chief that he had just concluded a peace treaty with Prithviraja, with great difficulty.
In the mid-1190s CE, the Ghurids defeated the Chahamanas and other of northern India. According to the medieval Muslim historians, in 1197 CE, the Ghurid general Qutb al-Din Aibak marched to Nahrwala (that is, the Chalukya capital Anahilapataka). He defeated the Chaulukya army on 4 February 1197 CE. The 13th century Muslim historian Hasan Nizami boasts that the Chaulukyas lost 50,000 men in this battle. The 16th century chronicler Firishta gives the numbers as 15,000 killed and 20,000 captured.
According to the Muslim chronicles, the Chaulukya army was led by Rai Karan, Wallan and Darabaras in this battle. Darabaras can be identified with Dharavarsha, the Paramara chief of Abu, who was a feudatory of Bhima. Wallan is probably a corruption of Pahlan, which itself is a corruption of Prahaladana (the brother of Dharavarsha). The identification of Rai Karan is not certain. Some scholars have identified him with Kirtipala, a ruler of the Javalipura Chahamana branch. However, this identification is not tenable on chronological grounds. D. R. Bhandarkar identified Rai Karan as the Naddula Chahamana ruler Kelhana, but this is also chronologically incorrect, as Kelhana died around 1193 CE. R. B. Singh identified him as Kelhana's successor Jayatasimha. According to the Muslim historians, Rai Karan managed to escape after the battle.
The Ghurids then entered Anahilapataka, and plundered the town. This sacking of Anahliapataka was witnessed by the Jain scholar Jinapati Suri in 1197 CE. According to Firishta, Qutb al-Din appointed a governor in the Chaulukya capital before leaving for Ajmer. Subsequently, the Chaulukyas restored their power in Gujarat, but there is very little information about how this happened. There are some references to Bhima's generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara having achieved military successes against the Ghurids (called "Turushka" and "Hammira"). It is known that Bhima was in control of Anahilapataka by 1201 CE.
The 14th century writer Merutunga claims that the Paramara king retreated from the Gujarat border after Bhima's minister recited a verse warning him of reprisals. But this is not supported by historical evidence. According to the Gujarat chronicles, Subhatavarman occupied Darbhavati (present-day Dabhoi) for some time. Muhammad Aufi, in his Jawami ul-Hikayat, states that the Paramara king plundered cities of Gujarat; Hindu temples as well as places of worship of other religious communities were affected. Subhatavarman is believed to have destroyed a mosque in Khambat, built for the Arab traders. According to the poet Arisimha, he also removed the gold kalasha from the Vaidyanatha temple of Darbhavati.
The Chaulukya general Shridhara repulsed Subhatavarman's attack. His Devapattana prashasti inscription suggests that he successfully defended his fort (near Somnath Temple) against a Paramara siege. The Chaulukya general Lavanaprasada probably forced Subhatavarman to abandon his campaign. His Dabhoi prashasti inscription, composed by the poet Someshvara, states that he was like a repository of medicine against the disease-resembling invaders, which included the ruler of Dhara (the Paramara capital). Another poet Balachandra names Lavanaprasada's adversary as Sribhata of Malwa, who has been identified as Subhatavarman.
Jaitugi's son Simhana invaded Gujarat multiple times. In an inscription, his general Kholeshvara claims to have humbled the pride of the Gurjaras. The first invasion of Simhana probably took place around 1229 CE. According to the Chaulukya accounts, Lavanaprasada concluded a peace treaty with Simhana, because he needed to visit Marwar to quell a rebellion. It appears that Lavanaprasada sent an army under his son Viradhavala to raid the Yadava territory, because of which Simhana was forced to agree to a peace treaty.
After Lavanaprasada departed to Marwar, Shankha attacked Khambhat, but was defeated by the Chaulukya general Vastupala. Shankha then tried to instigate Simhana to launch a fresh attack on Gujarat. According to the Chaulukya accounts, the Chaulukya spies created a rift between the Shankha and Simhana. Shankha ultimately submitted to the Chaulukya general Viradhavala.
The Chaulukyas were in control of the Lata region by 1231-1232 CE, when it was being governed by Lavanaprasada's grandson Visaladeva. Around 1237 CE, Simhana sent another army under Kholeshvara's son Rama to attack Gujarat. Visaladeva repulsed this attack, and Rama was killed in a battle fought on the banks of the Narmada River.
The Guhilas of Medapata (Guhilots of Mewar) also rebelled against Bhima sometime between 1207 and 1227 CE, and declared their independence.
According to the medieval chronicles, Bhima was a charitable person. He assumed the titles Abhinava-Siddharaja, Saptama-Chakravarti and Bala-Narayana.
The extant temples of his period include Nilkantha Mahadeva Temple (1204 CE) at Miani, Harshad Mata temple on the hill opposite creek near Miani, the temple complex of Muladwarka at Visavada. The Navlakha Temple of Ghumli is the best surviving example. Other temples include Rama Lakshamana Temple at Baradia in Okhamandal, Rukmini Temple in Dwarka and the ruined Shiva temple of Bavka in Dahod district. The mandapa was added to Vaidyanath Mahadeva temple at Vadali. The surviving mandapa of Parshwanatha temple at Ghumli is contemporary of Navlakha Temple. The ruined Cheleshwar temple on the hills there is also of this period. The Vikia and Jetha stepwells near Navlakha Temple, Ghumli belonged to the 13th century. The Gyan stepwell near Visavada village in the Barda hills is ascribed to the time of Bhima II. The ruined stepwell of nearby Keshav village is of the same period.
Of all these writers, Someshvara was the most knowledgeable about the contemporary affairs. The "divine-order-in-a-dream" was a favourite device of the contemporary poets to justify the reprehensible actions of their patrons. Therefore, it appears that Lavanaprasada usurped the power from Bhima. By 1231 CE (1288 Vikram Samvat), Lavanaprasada had assumed the title Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") and Viradhavala was called a Maharaja ("great king"), as attested by multiple Girnar inscriptions. However, the two continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima (and his successor Tribhuvanapala) as their overlord.
|
|
